SAARC countries share same cultural history since centuries. In the economic terms they were interdependent up to the point but colonial rulers like British, Portugese, Dutch e.t.c shares the colonies and ruled them for their benefits. After the attainment of collective independence, India remained the largest country in all terms ahead of its neighbours. Because India is somewhat peaceful and had a stable political establishment since independence. No two SAARC countries share a boundary and all of them share a boundary with India. India is strong in economic perspective than other SAARC countries so they were not of much help to India.
Pakistan : It never completed the term of 5 years for any government except the recent one. Army, terrorists, internal conflicts e.t.c. hampers the growth of pakistan in every possible way. - Not helpful at all.
Bangladesh : In 1971 India helped it liberate and still the furore continues, with the opposition trying to establish a islamic state. - Not helpful
Srilanka : LTTE war - relations degraded. But hosting the tamilians who stayed there. - Interests of Indians ( tamils and fishermen) are involved. Have to co-operate with them for greater development of tamil regions.
Maldives, Nepal, Afghanistan : Unstable and micro economies compared to India. India helped them with grants but never the other way around.
Bhutan : Complete dependence on India. 90% of exports to India.
Because of the low economic growth of these countries their help is very less compared to the help given by India. But these nations are handful in terms of population which are potential markets for exports of India. This is the reason MODI is emphasizing of peaceful and good trade relations with neighbours. With SAARC countries led by India and helping out each other for prosperous south asia. It could turn the tables in favour of India in global arena.
Pakistan : It never completed the term of 5 years for any government except the recent one. Army, terrorists, internal conflicts e.t.c. hampers the growth of pakistan in every possible way. - Not helpful at all.
Bangladesh : In 1971 India helped it liberate and still the furore continues, with the opposition trying to establish a islamic state. - Not helpful
Srilanka : LTTE war - relations degraded. But hosting the tamilians who stayed there. - Interests of Indians ( tamils and fishermen) are involved. Have to co-operate with them for greater development of tamil regions.
Maldives, Nepal, Afghanistan : Unstable and micro economies compared to India. India helped them with grants but never the other way around.
Bhutan : Complete dependence on India. 90% of exports to India.
Because of the low economic growth of these countries their help is very less compared to the help given by India. But these nations are handful in terms of population which are potential markets for exports of India. This is the reason MODI is emphasizing of peaceful and good trade relations with neighbours. With SAARC countries led by India and helping out each other for prosperous south asia. It could turn the tables in favour of India in global arena.
An attempt is made to evolve an analytical framework for
assessing the health effects in a comparative basis and explore both direct and
indirect effects of globalisation on health. The SAARC region is selected as
globalisation induced policies particularly in these countries are being
questioned on grounds of - rising healthcare cost, WTO compliance costing too
high to the domestic industry and economy, and increasing infectious diseases
associated with international travel and migration. These issues are further
discussed in the light of accessibility, efficiency, and quality of healthcare
delivery, geographical inequalities, heavy burden of private healthcare
financing, and fiscal stress faced by governments in these countries
The SAARC region was established in December 1985 by
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to promote
the welfare of the people of South Asia through accelerated economic growth,
social progress and cultural development in South Asia.
Up till 1970 all SAARC
countries struggled with massive poverty, food shortages, heavy disease burden
and high illiteracy rates. However, the last two decades have seen significant
rise in real income and reduction in poverty levels. The economies of the SAARC
region shifted away from being dependent on agriculture to increasing emphasis
on modern urban-based industries and service sectors. Initiation of economic
reforms during 1990s, particularly in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh has put
these economies on the higher growth trajectory path.
It is important to note that despite the sustained average
annual growth rate of above 5 per cent over the last two decades, this region
continue to suffer from many health problems, and in the global context, lags
behind all other regions of the world, both in its income and in human
development levels.
South Asia is by now the poorest region in the world - its
per capita income of US$ 309 is much below the US$ 555 of Sub-Saharan Africa
and is only one-third of the average of US$ 970 for all developing countries
(Human Development Report 2004).
SAARC, tragically, is the world's only region, which has
failed to tap the potential for socialcultural exchange and economic
cooperation, with the continuation of war and cold war in the region between
India and Pakistan. Intra-SAARC trade is dismally as low as 4% and the
collective share of the region in world trade was just 1%. Despite spectacular
economic growth accompanied by noticeable social change reflected in the spread
of basic education and literacy levels, the gains from development have not
trickled down to the poor. For instance, in terms of composite human
development index (HDI), the rank was as low as 142 nd (out of a list of 177
countries) for Pakistan, 140 th for Nepal, 138 th for Bangladesh, 134 th for
Bhutan, 127 th for India with Sri Lanka and Maldives were placed much better at
96th and 84th position, respectively. Although there is an improvement in
overall HDI over time, the relative position of SAARC countries has not changed
much. The gap between HDI and income rankings was more noticeable for India and
Sri Lanka whereas between HDI and life expectancy at birth for Sri Lanka and
Maldives. Interestingly, Sri Lanka with relatively lower level of GDP has
exceptionally done well in the region by achieving higher levels of longevity
and human development
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
The demographic landscape of the SAARC region has seen
unprecedented changes over the last 100 years. First half of the 20 th century
recorded a slow population growth due to frequent famines and epidemics, such
as, plague, cholera and influenza. A high population momentum in SAARC region
was noticed during the second half of the 20 th century while experiencing
second stage of demographic transition. The population growth rate accelerated
and India (which accounts for three-fourths of the region population) doubled
its population between 1961 and 1991 and crossed one billion mark in 2001.
India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are respectively the second, seventh and ninth
most populous countries of the world.
HEALTHCARE SYSTEM AND ROLE OF PUBLIC SECTOR
Over time the healthcare system in SAARC countries has
expanded considerably with both public and private sectors playing critical
role in delivery of primary and secondary health care. With some exceptions the
major health needs of the public are catered for by the public sector. The
major boost in infrastructure of the public health care system in SAARC region
took place after they endorsed the Alma Ata declaration of 1978 - "health
for all by 2000" initiative launched by the World Health Organization.
Due to various socio-economic and political reasons, most
SAARC countries (Sri Lanka as an exception) have failed to achieve desired
health targets by 2000. Nevertheless under every government the "health
for all by 2000" remained an official policy for the state-owned health
system, which despite poor resources and mismanagement, provided a big relief
to the people of SAARC region.
Entire public health care system in SAARC countries is
financed through tax revenues. There is a mixed pattern in government health
spending in the region. The share of public spending in India, Pakistan and
Nepal is very low (ranging between 18 and 30 % of total health expenditure)
whereas for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, it is about half; and for Bhutan and Maldives
as high as 90% . Both in terms of budgetary allocation and as
percentage of GDP, the share of public spending has not been stepped up in
India and Pakistan.
Over time, fiscal crunch and mismanagement in the public
sector contributed to a worsening of the health service provided. In the
meantime a vibrant private healthcare sector flourished in South Asia. No
doubt, it is efficient and equals Western standards, but unfortunately, it is
run on purely business lines with no ethical values. It is totally unaffordable
for the general public and has become one of the most successful businesses in
India and Pakistan.
The diffusion of new knowledge and technology and easing of
the trade restrictions while enhancing disease surveillance, treatment and
prevention, foreign investment in health services and even the medical tourism
have exposed the developing world including the SAARC region to serious health
risks. Having sustained an average annual growth rate of above 5 per cent over
the last two decades, this region still suffers from many serious health
problems, and lags behind all other regions of the world while displaying wide
range of variations in their health outcomes. It is further brought out in this
paper that though the link between globalization and health is very complex and
circular, and there is a serious need to evolve a conceptual framework. It
would help in (i) identifying the channels and their dynamics through which
globalization affects the health sector and (ii) sketching out the broad
contours of policy changes in the context of given socio-economic context of
this region.
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